Alginate-based building materials

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure describes various building materials used in the building and construction industry, and to buildings or objects constructed therefrom, and to methods of making these building materials. The building materials comprise a polymeric material, such as sodium alginate and/or calcium alginate which confers significant flame-, fire- and heat-resistance or imperviousness to the materials. Other substances can be added to the materials to improve cross-linking and/or to produce resistance to fungal degradation. The building materials which can be produced, processed, or treated using the alginate polymers of the invention include, but are not limited to, wood products; masonry products; wall, roofing, flooring and siding products; and paint products. Further, sodium alginate in the form of a gel may be used as a firebreak to effectively stop the advance of grass fires, wildfires, and forest fires.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C 119(e) of U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/180,280 filed May 21, 2009, theentirety of which is hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable

BACKGROUND

Wildfires are inevitable. They occur on a nationwide scale, with theirannual devastation easily seen upon a review of California's wildfireseason. Consider the Cedar Fire in San Diego County which occurred inOctober and November of 2003. That horrific fire killed 15 people,including one firefighter and burned more than 280,000 acres destroying2,232 homes and 22 commercial buildings. This was just one of severaldevastating blazes that were part of the worst wildfire siege, forstructure loss, ever to hit the state. Further, the CaliforniaDepartment of Insurance announced that in just one month in 2007, 37,117claims had been filed, 1,531 of those being total losses, with over$2.26 billion paid out by insurers. All of this resulted from wildfireoutbreaks in Southern California in the month of October.

California's Governor Schwarzenegger's climate advisors estimate thatglobal warming could translate wildfire property losses to as much as$42 billion a year by 2050. That figure will skyrocket to perhaps asmuch as $60 billion when one adds state firefighting costs.

In addition to domestic and commercial property losses, the state ofCalifornia currently loses federally owned forests at a rate of morethan 30,700 acres per year due to wildfires. That's equivalent to losinga forest slightly larger than a city the size of San Francisco. If thisrate continues over the next 100 years, 3 million acres of forestlandcould be lost, being converted into brush wastelands.

Although the annual loss of land, homes and commercial buildings in thestate of California is alarming, this doesn't even begin to take intoaccount property losses on a national scale due to wildfires. If weconducted a state to state evaluation and summed the total property andfinancial loss attributed to wildfires, the figures would bedevastating. Furthermore, if the annual property loss and financialresponsibility on a national scale due to domestic and commercialstructure fires were included with those resulting from wildfires thefinancial impact would be unimaginable, not to mention the lives lostand those financial and mental burdens left upon our nation's families.

As God-fearing scientists and responsible citizens of this world, wemust not turn a blind eye to the horrific loss of life and propertyresulting from fires. But rather we must ask ourselves “what can I do tohelp solve the problem?” The presently claimed and disclosed inventiveconcept(s) is (are) directed to such solutions.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure describes various building materials used in thebuilding and construction industry, and to buildings or objectsconstructed therefrom, and to methods of making these buildingmaterials. The building materials which can be produced, processed, ortreated using the alginate polymers of the presently claimed anddisclosed inventive concepts include, but are not limited to, woodproducts; masonry products; wall, roofing, flooring and siding products;and paint products. Further, sodium alginate in the form of a gel may beused as a firebreak to effectively stop the advance of grass fires,wildfires, and forest fires.

More particularly, the various building materials disclosed hereinpossess a polymeric material component which confers significant flame-,fire- and heat-resistance or imperviousness to the materials. Inparticular, in preferred embodiments, the polymer component comprisessodium alginate which is combined with a building or constructionmaterial matrix. The sodium alginate is converted into calcium alginateby exposure to a calcium solution or by exposure to calcium inherent inthe material matrix to which the sodium alginate is added.Alternatively, the alginate polymer component may comprise a form ofalginate which is provided in a pre-existing calcium alginate form.Other substances can be added to the materials to improve cross-linkingand/or to produce resistance to fungal degradation.

The building materials which can be produced, processed, or treatedusing the alginate polymers of the presently claimed and disclosedinventive concepts include, but are not limited to, wood productsincluding, but not limited to, pressed boards containing saw dust, wooddust, stranded wood and/or wood chips, plywoods constructed from suchpressed boards, lumber, boards, beams, trusses, studs, and other formsof cut or sawn woods, laminates, and other cellulosic materials (e.g.,bamboo, cork, and other woody materials); masonry products including,but not limited to, concrete, cement, grout and mortar, concrete blocksof all types, masonry pigments, concrete for slabs, walls, footings, androadways, concrete precasts of all types, architectural precast sills,copings, features, medallions and caps, architectural cast stones andsimulated stone, plasters of all kinds, stuccos of all kinds, bricks ofall types, concrete or clay roof units, all masonry or concrete basedproducts; wall and roofing materials including, but not limited to,asphalt shingles, wood shingles, composite shingles, and syntheticshingles, gypsum and all gypsum based products, drywall, siding matrixesof all kinds, fiberglass and fiberglass based products; flooringmaterials including, but not limited to, vinyls, carpets, wood, woodlaminates, stone, synthetic stone tiles, concrete, and concrete orcement-based flooring materials; electrical materials including, but notlimited to, electrical devices, wire coatings and switches; insulatingmaterials such as, but not limited to, fiberglass batting of all types;countertop materials including, but not limited to, formicas,composites, stone, synthetic stone, crushed stone or minerals, orconcrete; plumbing materials including, but not limited to, flex pipeand pipe insulators; paints materials including, but not limited to,paints, paint pigments, and paint compounds; and glass, plastics, andrubber materials. Further, sodium alginate in the form of a gel may beused as a firebreak to effectively stop the advance of grass fires,wildfires, and forest fires. Other uses of the presently claimed anddisclosed inventive concepts will become apparent upon review of thedescription provided below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of a mold used to press wood particlesinto a form.

FIG. 2 is a photograph of a board constructed in accordance with thepresently claimed and disclosed inventive concepts.

FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing of sodium alginate polymer gelencapsulating a particulate material.

FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing of multiple helix-helix alginate polymeraggregates encapsulated about a molecular particulate material.

FIG. 5 is a schematic drawing of a primary calcium alginatemacro-encapsulate comprising multiple helix-helix aggregates of FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a photograph of a conventional board treated with alginate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure describes various building materials used in thebuilding and construction industry, and to buildings or objectsconstructed therefrom, and to methods of making these buildingmaterials. The building materials comprise a polymeric material, such assodium alginate and/or calcium alginate which confers significantflame-, fire- and heat-resistance or imperviousness to the materials.Other substances can be added to the materials to improve cross-linkingand/or to produce resistance to fungal degradation. The buildingmaterials which can be produced, processed, or treated using thealginate polymers of the invention include, but are not limited to, woodproducts; masonry products; wall, roofing, flooring and siding products;and paint products. Further, sodium alginate in the form of a gel may beused as a firebreak to effectively stop the advance of grass fires,wildfires, and forest fires.

Specific embodiments and examples of the present disclosure will now bedescribed. Examples of specific implementations and compositions areprovided herein for illustrative purposes only and are not intended tobe limiting. In particular, acts, elements and features discussed inconnection with one embodiment are not intended to be excluded from asimilar role in other embodiments. In the following detaileddescription, numerous specific details are set forth in order to providea more thorough understanding of the disclosure. However, it will beapparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art that the presentdisclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In otherinstances, features, methods, and other procedures which are well knownto persons of ordinary skill in the art have not been described indetail to avoid complicating unnecessarily the description. Also, thephraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose ofdescription and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of“including,” “comprising,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” andvariations thereof herein, is meant to be broad and to encompass theitems listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additionalsubject matter not recited. Further, in this specification and in anyclaims appended hereto, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” includeplural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unlessdefined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein havethe same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in theart to which the presently claimed and disclosed inventive conceptsbelong.

The presently claimed and disclosed inventive concepts, in variouspreferred but non-limiting embodiments, are directed to various buildingmaterials used in the construction industry, to objects constructed fromthe objects, and to methods of making these building materials. Thebuilding materials comprise a polymeric material which conferssignificant flame-, fire- and heat-resistance or imperviousness to thematerials. In particular, in preferred embodiments, sodium alginate iscombined with a material matrix used in the building or constructionindustry and is converted into calcium alginate by exposure to a calciumsolution (e.g., any solution up to and including a saturated solution)or to calcium inherent in the material to which the sodium alginate isadded. Alternatively, calcium alginate, as the alginate polymercomponent, may be directly combined with the construction materialmatrix. Other substances can be added to the matrix-polymer mixture toproduce resistance to mold or fungal degradation.

The building materials which can be produced, processed, or treatedusing the alginate polymers of the presently claimed and disclosedinventive concepts include, but are not limited to, wood productsincluding, but not limited to, pressed boards containing saw dust, wooddust, stranded wood and/or wood chips, plywoods constructed from suchpressed boards, lumber, boards, beams, trusses, studs, and other formsof cut or sawn woods, laminates, and other cellulosic materials (e.g.,bamboo, cork, and other woody materials); masonry products including,but not limited to, concrete, cement, grout and mortar, concrete blocksof all types, masonry pigments, concrete for slabs, walls, footings, androadways, concrete precasts of all types, architectural precast sills,copings, features, medallions and caps, architectural cast stones andsimulated stone, plasters of all kinds, stuccos of all kinds, bricks ofall types, concrete or clay roof units, all masonry or concrete basedproducts; wall and roofing materials including, but not limited to,asphalt shingles, wood shingles, composite shingles, and syntheticshingles, gypsum and all gypsum based products, drywall, siding matrixesof all kinds, fiberglass and fiberglass based products; flooringmaterials including, but not limited to, vinyls, carpets, wood, woodlaminates, stone, synthetic stone tiles, concrete, and concrete orcement-based flooring materials; electrical materials including, but notlimited to, electrical devices, wire coatings and switches; insulatingmaterials such as, but not limited to, fiberglass batting of all types;countertop materials including, but not limited to, formicas,composites, stone, synthetic stone, crushed stone or minerals, orconcrete; plumbing materials including, but not limited to, flex pipeand pipe insulators; paints materials including, but not limited to,paints, paint pigments, and paint compounds; and glass, plastics, andrubber materials. Further, sodium alginate in the form of a gel may beused as a firebreak to effectively stop the advance of grass fires,wildfires, and forest fires. Other uses of the presently claimed anddisclosed inventive concepts will become apparent upon review of thedescription of the invention below. Sodium alginate is a material whichis extracted from the cell walls of various types of brown algae and iswidely used within the food industry as an emulsifying agent. Thisnatural polymer has an unusual ability to form gels upon agitationwithin water which do not solidify upon standing. Furthermore, the gelsthus formed present high non-specific encapsulation affinities. In otherwords, without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that thealginate macromolecule, through attractive atomic charges within themolecular backbone, has the ability to surround and wind itself aroundother molecules. The list of classes of molecules which may beeffectively encapsulated within the alginate backbone is extensive.

Another unique characteristic of sodium alginate is its ability to reactwith calcium through ionic exchange to generate a non-water soluble formof the alginate polymer, calcium alginate. Calcium alginate is a solidpolymer which is neither hydrophilic nor lipophilic. In fact it iscompletely resistant to water, moisture and organic solvent dissolution.After many years of research we have found it can only be digestedenzymatically. Both soil fungi and mammals possess the natural enzymesnecessary to digest the calcium alginate backbone. But more interestingthan this is the alginate polymer's resistance to both heat and flame.Even under raging flames with temperatures in excess of 1000° C. thepolymer will not melt nor catch fire. The alginate polymer has themolecular ability to refract or reflect both heat and flames which caneasily be seen upon applying the flame of a torch to the surface of apiece of the alginate polymer. Where used herein, the term “alginatepolymer” refers to either or both of sodium alginate and calciumalginate.

Although sodium alginate itself has a very effective molecularencapsulation activity, an even higher encapsulation affinity can beobtained from a polymeric component which comprises, in addition to thesodium alginate, an additional polymeric agent such as a cross-linkingagent such as, but not limited to, a carrageenan, a xanthan gum, and/oran agar in an approximate ratio of 0.1-5.0% to 95.0%-99.9% of the sodiumalginate. In this way a three-dimensional network builds up in whichdouble helices form junction points of the polymer chains thus allowingfor the formation of multiple helix-helix aggregates winding around themolecular compound of choice (e.g., see FIG. 4 described below). Thepolymeric component thus may comprise at least one of a group of agentsincluding, cross-linking agents, comprising cellulose gums, pectins,pectin resins, locust bean gums, locust bean resins, xanthan gums,xanthan gum resins, carrageenans, sodium salts of carrageenans, gellangums, gellan gum resins, whey protein gums, whey protein resins, agaragar, propylene glycol, Arabic gums, Arabic gum resins, guar gum, guargum resins, gum tragacanth, and gum ghatti.

The helix-helix alginate aggregates thus formed, although very effectivein their ability to fully encapsulate and protect a molecular compound,are not yet capable of providing the optimal characteristics offlexibility, bond strength, moisture and mold resistance. This is due tothe fact that in the gel state, as represented in FIG. 4 below, thepolymer-compound conjugate is in a form which is water susceptible. Thehelix-helix aggregates, securely holding compound particulate, must nextbe converted to a water-resistant state. This is done through ionicexchange. For example, upon simple exposure of the aggregates within a5% to 30% aqueous solution (more preferably 20-25% or any saturatedsolution of calcium chloride or a calcium halide), of calcium chloride,the sodium of the aggregates is replaced by calcium. This reactionoccurs rapidly at room temperature or below resulting in the formationof helix-helix loaded aggregates which rapidly separate from the aqueousmedium in the form of a solid pre-set matrix. Upon drying of theaggregate matrix to a water content of <5%, preferably to <1%, or toanhydrous state, a matrix is provided which is 100% resistant tomoisture and mold with superior bond strength, heat resistance, flameretardance, effervescence, unlimited shelf homogenicity with a highdegree of flexibility in addition to all those properties discussed inthe preceding sections. In addition to converting loaded aggregates totheir water resistant form, calcium plays another key role in themolecular configuration of an alginate encapsulated matrix: itcross-links neighboring polymers. Through calcium cross-linking thestability of our end matrix is set in a three dimensional sphericalconfiguration (e.g., see FIG. 5 described below) which serves not onlyto hold an encapsulated compound more securely but in the protection ofthe material from oxidative degradation, UV degradation, and moisturedegradation in addition to a vast number of other environmentalstresses.

The following work demonstrates how sodium alginate and/or calciumalginate can be incorporated into a construction material matrix for theproduction of commercial and domestic building materials which are flameretardant, heat resistant, moisture resistant, and mold resistant. Thekinds of construction material matrixes within which or onto which thealginate polymer may be incorporated is virtually unlimited For example,the polymer may be combined with a matrix comprising saw dust, strandedwood and/or wood chips to form heat, flame and moisture resistantpressed boards. Or, a matrix comprising wood lumber may be treated withpolymer. The polymer, for example, may be added to a matrix comprisingcement, concrete, paint, drywall, shingles, roofing, siding, flooring,glass and masonry products to list but a few of the materials describedin more detail elsewhere herein. In addition, it is demonstrated hereinhow sodium alginate gel may be used as a fire-break to affectively stopor inhibit wildfires.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Wood Products

A: Pressed Boards

Procedure: Optimization of Flame Retardant Polymer Formulation

The optimal level of dry polymer to wood dust, wood strands or chips inorder to produce the most heat, flame and moisture resistant board wasdetermined. Thus pressed boards were prepared in triplicate using thepolymer formulas provided in Table 1 according to the followingprocedure.

In a 5 gallon bucket, 500 ml of wet alginate polymer formula were mixedwith 0.1 Kg of a construction material matrix comprising wood dust,strands and/or wood chips. This mixture was homogenized for a period of60 seconds and then pressed into a board using the mold-press of FIG. 1.Prior to adding the alginate polymer/wood mix to the mold, the mold wassprayed with 23% aqueous calcium chloride solution. Once the mix wasloaded, an additional 300 ml of calcium chloride solution was pouredevenly over the surface of the mix. Using a 2×4 board, a 1×4 board andwood screws a wood-molding press was constructed as shown in FIG. 1.This mold was used to press a mixture of the polymer and the matrixcomprising saw dust, stranded wood and wood chips to form pressedboards. The mold was filled with the polymer-wood mix and pressed usingan industrial bench vice. Once pressed, the board was removed from themold and dried overnight at 100° C. The pressed board end product hadthe following dimensions: 3½″×9½″×⅞″ thickness. Boards of each formulawere prepared in triplicate.

Upon completion of the drying process pressed boards produced using eachformula were exposed to a flame of a propane torch (the flame had adistance of 0.25 inch from the board for testing) and evaluated for heatand flame resistance. Results are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 1 Optimization of formula: ratio of polymer to wood. FormulaSodium No. Alginate Water CaCl Solution 3  1.5%  0.90 g  60 ml 23 gCaCl/100 ml 4  2.5%  1.50 g  60 ml 23 g CaCl/100 ml 5 2.64%  4.75 g 180ml 23 g CaCl/100 ml 6  5.7% 14.25 g 250 ml 23 g CaCl/100 ml

TABLE 2 Resistance testing in triplicate. Distance Pressed Internal TimeResult of Flame Wood Surface Temper- Exposed Heat and from the FormulaTemper- ature of to Fame Surface No. ature * the Wood Flame Test ¼″3 >1000° C. 86° F. 10 min 100% Resistant ¼″ 4 62° F. 10 min 100%Resistant ¼″ 5 >1000° C. 62° F. 10 min 100% Resistant ¼″ 6 >1000° C. 61°F. 10 min 100% Resistant A pre-test temperature was taken on each boardand recorded to be 61° F. * Surface temperatures were taken using aninfrared thermometer.

Assays of polymer:wood ratios indicated in a preferred (non-limiting)embodiment that the optimal level of dry polymer to wood dust, strandsor chips (taking overall cost into consideration) is 8.47% alginatepolymer to 91.53% wood (referred to elsewhere herein as Formula No. 4).Formula No. 4 is made on an upscale by homogenizing 252 g of sodiumalginate in 10 L of cold water until a homogeneous gel is obtained. Inpreferred embodiments, the percentage-by-weight of the polymer componentin a polymer/wood mixture (or any of the construction material matrixesof the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concepts) ranges from1% to 2% to 3% to 4% to 5%, to 10% to 15% to 20% to 25% to 30% to 40% to50% to 60% to 70% to 80% to 90% to 95% of the polymer/matrix mixture.Although each formula tested was resistant to both flame and heat, theoptimum was chosen through an evaluation of flame penetration into thewood matrix. For example, pressed boards prepared from the polymer-woodmix will not “catch fire”. However, when the flame of a torch is held tothe surface of the prepared board for prolonged periods, the flame willslowly penetrate the surface of the pressed board boring a small holeapproximately ¼″ in diameter at varying depths depending upon theconcentration of alginate polymer added. Formula No. 4 provided theleast amount of flame penetration and thus was judged as most optimal.It should be noted that higher concentrations of polymer in the mixtureprovide an end matrix exhibiting even less flame penetration, however,in choosing the most optimal formula cost was also taken into account.In fact a blank, or simulated wood, made of 100% alginate polymer is notonly 100% heat and flame resistant but 100% resistant to flamepenetration as well. However, at the present time the cost of producingsuch simulated wood from alginate polymer is too expensive forwidespread use. As the fermentation, extraction and purification costsof alginate polymer from algae are decreased through processoptimization, alginate simulated wood will become a commercial(marketable) reality and its use widespread in both commercial anddomestic structure construction.

FIG. 2 provides a photograph of a typical alginate macroencapsulatedpressed board as prepared by the procedure outlined above. The physicalappearance of the prepared pressed board does not vary significantlyfrom that of traditional pressed woods. However, the physical andchemical properties of alginate pressed boards are far superior to thoseof traditional pressed matrixes.

First the alginate pressed boards were fire resistant. All attempts atinitiating burning of the final wood product failed even after severalhours of direct exposure of the matrix to the flame of a propane torchand to temperatures well in excess of 1000° C. In fact, as noted above,when the flame of a torch was held at a distance of ¼″ from the surfaceof the wood the only visible effect was formation in the board of a verysmall diameter hole with some blackening of a ¼″ diameter region wherethe flame was in direct contact with the surface for several minutes tohours. Once the flame was removed not even the slightest hint of emberglow was seen. In fact one could immediately touch the heated surfacefinding it just slightly elevated above room temperature, stillrelatively cool to the touch.

Second, alginate pressed boards exhibited equal to greater strength thanthat of traditional pressed boards with only a fraction of the endmatrix weight. For example, a 2½″ length of a 2″×4″ piece of alginatepressed wood weighs only 11.74 g in comparison to the 23.37 g weight ofthe same length, width and thickness of a traditional pressed board.

Third, alginate pressed boards acted as an insulator. For example, whenthe flame of a propane torch was held at a distance of ¼″ from thesurface of the pressed board for several minutes to hours the internaltemperature of the pressed board never rises above 62° F. Consideringthat the initial 0 hour internal temperature, the temperature prior toheating, was 61° F., the alginate pressed board had significantinsulating properties and was thus resistant to the transfer of heat.

Fourth, an alginate pressed board may include an all-natural citrusextract, such as CitroBio™ or other anti-fungal composition, making itresistant to mold contamination. For example, a concentration of just160 ppm, on a dry weight basis, of citrus extract inhibited mold growth.With mold resistance incorporated directly into the board matrix, alifetime resistance is established.

Fifth, alginate pressed boards were moisture resistant. Thethree-dimensional molecular matrix which was established between thealginate polymer and the wood dust, strands or chips through calciumcross-linking, established a molecular encapsulate which actually repelswater. This also is a lifetime trait of the board.

Sixth, whereas bonding agents are currently required in the productionof pressed board, in alginate pressed board no external bonding agentswas required. The alginate/calcium encapsulated molecular matrix wasmore than sufficient for board bonding with an affinity many times thatof traditional adhesives or bonding agents, processes and practices.

B: Treated Lumber

Conventional wood lumber was provided as the matrix material and wassubmerged in a tank of sodium alginate polymer (Formula No. 4) for aperiod of 24 hours under vacuum then was treated with CaCl₂ solutionunder vacuum. In initial tests, “2×4” and “1×4” boards were treated intriplicate and heat and flame resistant testing was conducted. Resultsare shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Boards were treated with Formula No. 4. Resistance testing intriplicate. Distance Internal Time Result of Flame Treated SurfaceTemper- Exposed Heat and from the Wood- Temper- ature of to FlameSurface Size ature* the Wood Flame Test ¼″ 2 × 4 >1000° C. 62° F. 10 min100% Resistant ¼″ 2 × 4 >1000° C. 62° F. 10 min 100% Resistant ¼″ 2 ×4 >1000° C. 62° F. 10 min 100% Resistant ¼″ 1 × 4 >1000° C. 62° F. 10min 100% Resistant ¼″ 1 × 4 >1000° C. 62° F. 10 min 100% Resistant ¼″ 1× 4 >1000° C. 62° F. 10 min 100% Resistant *Surface temperatures weretaken using an infrared thermometer.

FIG. 6 provides a photo of a typical alginate-treated wood board asprepared by the procedure outlined above. The physical appearance of theboard does not vary significantly from that of traditional lumber.However, the physical and chemical properties of alginate-treated lumberare far superior to that of the traditional matrix. First, thealginate-treated lumber was fire resistant. All attempts at initiatingburning of the final wood product failed even after several hours ofdirect exposure of the matrix to the flame of a propane torch and totemperatures well in excess of 1000° C. In fact, when the flame of atorch was held at a distance of ¼″ from the surface of the wood the onlyvisible affect was a very small diameter hole of penetration with someblackening of a ¼″ diameter region where the flame was in direct contactwith the surface for several minutes to hours. Once the flame wasremoved not even the slightest hint of ember glow was seen. In fact onecan immediately touch the heated surface finding it just slightlyelevated above room temperature, still cool to the touch.

Second, alginate treated lumber exhibited greater strength to that oftraditional lumber with only a negligible additional weight.

Third, alginate-treated lumber acted as an insulator. For example, whenthe flame of a propane torch was held at a distance of ¼″ from thesurface of the board for several minutes to hours the internaltemperature of the board never rose above 62° F. Considering that theinitial 0 hour internal temperature, the temperature prior to heating,was 61° F., alginate treated lumber had significant insulatingproperties and was thus resistant to the transfer of heat.

Fourth, alginate treated lumber can be specially formulated with anantifungal additive, such as an all-natural citrus extract, CitroBio™,making it resistant to mold contamination. For example, a concentrationof just 160 ppm, on a dry weight bases, of citrus extract was requiredto inhibit mold growth. With mold resistance incorporated directly intothe board matrix, a lifetime resistance has been established.

Fifth, alginate treated lumber was moisture resistant. Thethree-dimensional molecular matrix which was established between thealginate polymer and the wood structure through calcium cross-linking,established a molecular encapsulate which actually repels water. Thistoo is a lifetime trait.

Sixth, in alginate treated lumber no external bonding agents wererequired. The calcium alginate molecular matrix encapsulate was morethan sufficient for the macroencapsulation process.

Example 2 Masonry Products

The presently claimed and disclosed inventive concepts furthercontemplate the production and use of masonry products possessing thesame properties described above for use in the construction ofmasonry-based structures. For example, regardless of the type of masonryconstruction material matrix being treated, an end product is producedwhich is flame retardant, heat resistant, acts as an insulator, has manytimes the bond strength of traditional matrixes, is resistant tomoisture penetration, demonstrates flexibility and a pound per squareinch(psi) strength far superior to that of traditional masonry products.Furthermore, there is virtually no limit to the masonry products whichmay comprise the alginate polymer component of the presently claimed anddisclosed inventive concepts. For example, mortar mixes of all types andcement based products of all types, including but not limited to, thefollowing materials and matrixes: concrete blocks of all types; coloringpigments for all types of masonry; concrete for slabs, walls, footingsand roadways; concrete precast such as septic tanks and manholes;architectural precast sill, copings, features, medallions and caps;architectural cast stone for sills, copings, features; door and windowsurrounds, medallions, caps and water table sills, manufacturedsimulated stone of all kinds whether wet poured or dry pressed andwhether cementious or sand based; plasters of all kinds whether cementor synthetic based; stucco of all kinds whether cement or syntheticbased, brick of all types whether cement or clay based; and concrete orclay roof tile units including shale roof tile units, to name a few.

In the following procedure, the effectiveness of alginate-treatedmasonry products using a traditional mortar mix as our example. In theexamples shown herein, the alginate mixed with the masonry materialmatrix is sodium alginate, which is chemically converted to calciumalginate once the aqueous sodium alginate is exposed to the calciuminherently present within the mortar mix.

Three different types of mortar mixes and one type of grout mix weretested as the material matrix. Controls were made using traditionalmixing practices and assay samples were made by adding calcium sodiumpolymer to the same mix with the same mixing practice. Controls andassay samples were tested for workability, flame retardance, heatresistance, bond strength, water resistance, flexibility, and psistrength.

Mortar Mix Design 1: Alginate Treated

-   -   75 lbs Mortar Standard Type S Masonry    -   242 lbs of Mortar Sand ASTM 144    -   5 Gallons of water    -   1 Quart of Sodium Alginate Polymer 10%, or    -   1 Quart of Sodium Alginate Polymer 20%

Two assay mixes were made, one with 1 quart of 10% alginate (90% water)added, and the other with 1 quart of 20% (80% water) alginate added. Onecontrol mix, without alginate, was made.

The following mixing sequences was followed:

-   -   1. Water added to mechanical mixer,    -   2. ½ of the sand added,    -   3. Alginate added,    -   4. 75 lbs of Mortar added,    -   5. Remaining sand added.

The control was mixed in the same sequence, excluding the addition ofalginate. The above (except for the added alginate) is a standard mixdesign used industry wide with a mortar to sand ratio of 1 part mortarto 3.23 parts sand.

Discussion

Upon comparative analyses an increased ease of use or workability wasexperienced in the two alginate assay formulas in comparison to thecontrol formula. The 20% alginate treated formula displayed a bondstrength greater than double that of the control, both alginate treatedformulas showed water resistance and keep waterproofing properties,whereas the control product (non-alginate) did not. Both alginatetreated assays showed fire retardant properties in comparison tocontrol. And finally the 20% alginate treated formula when tested in ½″slabs showed a deflection of approximately ⅛″, demonstrating flexibilityin the mortar as a result of alginate treatment.

Mortar Mix Design 2: Alginate Treated

-   -   75 lbs Type S PLC Mortar (cement lime mix with no masonry        additives)    -   242 lbs of Mortar Sand ASTM 144    -   5 Gallons of water    -   1 Quart of Sodium Alginate Polymer 10%, or    -   1 Quart of Sodium Alginate Polymer 20%

Two assay mixes were made, one with 1 quart of 10% alginate added, andthe other with 1 quart of 20% alginate added. One control mix was made.

The following mixing sequences was used:

-   -   1. Water added to mechanical mixer,    -   2. ½ of the sand added,    -   3. PLC mortar added,    -   4. Remaining sand added,    -   5. Alginate polymer added.

The control was mixed in the same sequence excluding the addition ofalginate.

Discussion

Upon comparative analyses, an increased ease of use or workability wasdemonstrated in the two alginate assay formulas in comparison to thecontrol formula. The 20% alginate-treated formula displayed a bondstrength greater than double that of the control, both alginate treatedformulas showed water resistant and waterproofing properties, whereasthe control did not. Both alginate-treated assays showed fire retardantproperties in comparison to control. And finally the 20%alginate-treated formula when tested in ½″ slabs showed a deflection ofapproximately ⅛″, demonstrating flexibility in the mortar as a result ofalginate treatment.

PSI Testing

Samples of all 4 mortar mix assays and the 2 mortar mix controls weretested (S & M Materials Testing Company) for 3 day, and 7 day breaks.The results were as follows:

-   -   1. 3 day break showed double compressive strength on the 10%        alginate treated assays in comparison to controls.    -   2. 3 day break showed triple the required strength in 3 days        with the 20% alginate treated samples in comparison to controls        (design strength of type S PLC is 1800 psi in 28 days: alginate        treated samples broke at 1760 psi in 3 day break).

The same procedural format and testing parameters as above were used totest alginate-treated and untreated mortar and grout (brand nameLacticrete™), as obtained from a local building material supplier. Alltesting results obtained were identical to those obtained above.

Example 3 Paint Products

A: Water- and Oil-Based Paints

The presently claimed and disclosed inventive concepts also contemplatethe use of the calcium and/or sodium alginate polymer in bothwater-based and oil-based paint material matrices to produce heat andflame resistant indoor and outdoor paints. The addition of polymer toboth water and oil based paints was again optimized to produce heat andflame resistant indoor and outdoor paints. Again we used the previouspolymer formulation, Formula No. 4, for our assays here. Once the sodiumalginate-paint mixture was made it was spray-atomized onto the surfaceof wood, drywall, metal or concrete then followed by an immediate spraymist of a calcium chloride solution (e.g., 23%) for conversion to thecalcium alginate embodiment. Results of testing are shown in Tables 4-6.

TABLE 4 White Paint (Oil Base) Amount Amount Assay Control of Amount ofTorch/ Paint Paint Percent of Polymer of Burn Result Result PolymerAdded in Paint Time (Alginate- (Non- 4 Added grams Added >1000°Ctreated) alginate) 1  0.5%  0.25 g 49.75 g <60 sec. Caught fire Caughtfire 2  1.0%   0.5 g  49.5 g <60 sec. Caught fire Caught fire 3  3.0%  1.5 g  48.5 g <60 sec. Caught fire Caught fire 4  5.0%   2.5 g  47.5 g<60 sec. Caught fire Caught fire 5  7.0%   3.5 g  46.5 g <60 sec. Caughtfire Caught fire 6  9.0%   4.5 g  45.5 g <60 sec. Caught fire Caughtfire 7 11.0%   5.0 g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heat Caught Fire resistant; 15minute dry time 8 13.0%  5.91 g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heat Caught Fireresistant; 15 minute dry time 9 15.0%  6.83 g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heatCaught Fire resistant; 15 minute dry time 10 17.0%  7.74 g  45.5 g 1hour Fire/heat Caught Fire resistant; 10 minute dry time 11 19.0%  8.65g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heat Caught Fire resistant; 10 minute dry time 1221.0%  9.56 g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heat Caught Fire resistant; 10 minutedry time 13 23.0%  10.5 g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heat Caught Fireresistant;  3 minute dry time 14 25.0%  11.4 g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heatCaught Fire resistant;  2 minute dry time 15 27.0%  12.3 g  45.5 g 1hour Fire/heat Caught Fire resistant; <60 second dry time 16 29.0%  13.2g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heat Caught Fire resistant; <60 second dry time 1731.0% 14.11 g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heat Caught Fire resistant; Instantdry

TABLE 5 White Paint (Water Base) Amount Amount Assay Control of Amountof Paint Paint Percent of Polymer of Torch/ Result Result Polymer 4Added in Paint Burn (Alginate- (Non- Added grams Added Time treated)alginate) 1  0.5%  0.25 g 49.75 g <60 sec. Caught fire Caught fire 2 1.0%   0.5 g  49.5 g <60 sec. Caught fire Caught fire 3  3.0%   1.5 g 48.5 g <60 sec. Caught fire Caught fire 4  5.0%   2.5 g  47.5 g <60sec. Caught fire Caught fire 5  7.0%   3.5 g  46.5 g <60 sec. Caughtfire Caught fire 6  9.0%   4.5 g  45.5 g <60 sec. Caught fire Caughtfire 7 11.0%   5.0 g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heat Caught Fire resistant; 15minute dry time 8 13.0%  5.91 g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heat Caught Fireresistant; 15 minute dry time 9 15.0%  6.83 g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heatCaught Fire resistant; 15 minute dry time 10 17.0%  7.74 g  45.5 g 1hour Fire/heat Caught Fire resistant; 10 minute dry time 11 19.0%  8.65g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heat Caught Fire resistant; 10 minute dry time 1221.0%  9.56 g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heat Caught Fire resistant; 10 minutedry time 13 23.0%  10.5 g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heat Caught Fireresistant;  3 minute dry time 14 25.0%  11.4 g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heatCaught Fire resistant;  2 minute dry time 15 27.0%  12.3 g  45.5 g 1hour Fire/heat Caught Fire resistant; <60 second dry time 16 29.0%  13.2g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heat Caught Fire resistant; <60 second dry time 1731.0% 14.11 g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heat Caught Fire resistant; Instantdry

TABLE 6 Black Paint (Oil Base) Amount Amount Assay Control of Amount ofPaint Paint Percent of Polymer of Torch/ Result Result Polymer 4 Addedin Paint Burn (Alginate- (Non- Added grams Added Time treated) alginate)1  0.5%  0.25 g 49.75 g <60 sec. Caught fire Caught fire 2  1.0%   0.5 g 49.5 g <60 sec. Caught fire Caught fire 3  3.0%   1.5 g  48.5 g <60sec. Caught fire Caught fire 4  5.0%   2.5 g  47.5 g <60 sec. Caughtfire Caught fire 5  7.0%   3.5 g  46.5 g <60 sec. Caught fire Caughtfire 6  9.0%   4.5 g  45.5 g <60 sec. Caught fire Caught fire 7 11.0%  5.0 g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heat Caught Fire resistant; 15 minute drytime 8 13.0%  5.91 g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heat Caught Fire resistant; 15minute dry time 9 15.0%  6.83 g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heat Caught Fireresistant; 15 minute dry time 10 17.0%  7.74 g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heatCaught Fire resistant; 10 minute dry time 11 19.0%  8.65 g  45.5 g 1hour Fire/heat Caught Fire resistant; 10 minute dry time 12 21.0%  9.56g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heat Caught Fire resistant; 10 minute dry time 1323.0%  10.5 g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heat Caught Fire resistant;  3 minutedry time 14 25.0%  11.4 g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heat Caught Fireresistant;  2 minute dry time 15 27.0%  12.3 g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heatCaught Fire resistant; <60 second dry time 16 29.0%  13.2 g  45.5 g 1hour Fire/heat Caught Fire resistant; <60 second dry time 17 31.0% 14.11g  45.5 g 1 hour Fire/heat Caught Fire resistant; Instant dry

B: All-Natural Component Paint

Another embodiment of the presently claimed and disclosed inventiveconcepts revolutionizes the paint industry by totally reformulatingpaints into an all-natural “environmentally-friendly” material matrix.For example, currently the industry has two primary classes of paint,“water-based” and “oil-based”. Both are formulated using chemicals whichare known carcinogens, flammable and toxic upon ingestion by mammals.We've all painted a room at some point in our life and have experiencedfirst hand the potentially harmful vapors emitted throughout the courseof painting practice and matrix drying. In fact the fumes linger fordays. Imagine a paint made of 100% non-toxic all-natural components inthe absence of solvent additives which emit harmful vapors, that is, a“no-scent” paint. The present invention contemplates a non-toxic paintwhich is formulated with all-natural pigments from nature (e.g.lycopene, astaxanthin, lutein, beta-carotene, chlorophyll and any othercarotenoid or anthocyanin pigment) providing a color vibrancy many timesthat of traditional paints with magnitudes less pigment. In addition,this paint is 100% flame retardant, acts as an insulator, is moistureresistant, mold resistant, has many times the bond strength oftraditional paint, possesses an instant dry characteristic, has a 5 yearshelf-life without pigment separation (no stirring needed after initialmix), has a lifetime pigment viability, is chip and peel resistant,possesses flexibility and can be used to paint any surface type whetherindoor or outdoor. The following experiments show how such a paint maybe formulated in a non-limiting embodiment.

Procedure: All-Natural “InstaDry” Flame Resistant Paint

A 3% alginate base is prepared by homogenizing the polymer in water(cold or at room temperature) until a homogeneous gel is obtained. Next,to 225 ml of 3% alginate base, is added 500 mg of beta-carotene and 500mg of carmine. This makes a classic red paint. Homogenize the mixture toa homogeneous gel and apply to, e.g., wood, drywall, metal and/orconcrete surfaces. After laying down the paint coating, mist spray thesurface with an aqueous calcium chloride solution (e.g., 5%-30%,preferably 23%). Immediately wipe away the mist from the surface with adry rag and conduct testing for the parameters specified above.

Discussion

Any natural pigment may be used alone or in any combination with otherpigments to obtain a wide array of color spectra. After testing thepaint, in comparison to a Valspar classic red water base paint control,the novel paint of the invention was found to possess the followingproperties:

1. All-Natural Base (water/alginate).

2. All-Natural Pigments.

3. More vibrant color with less pigment.

4. No pigment separation upon storage.

5. No carcinogenic additives.

6. No solvent presence.

7. No scent.

8. No vapor immersion.

9. Instant drying.

10. Fire resistance.

11. Heat resistance.

12. Acts as insulator.

13. Double bond strength.

14. Lifetime color vibrancy.

15. Chip, peel resistant.

16. Water/moisture resistance.

17. Mold resistance.

18. Can be used to paint any surface indoor or outdoor.

19. Flexibility.

Example 4 Use of Alginate Gel as a Fire-Break Polymer

In another embodiment of the presently claimed and disclosed inventiveconcepts, a wet “fire-break” polymer gel was prepared by homogenizingsodium alginate (e.g., 252 gm) in cold water to a gel state. This gel isprofound in its ability to stop wildfires and in forming a fire-breakperimeter. For example, 10 Kg of grass was soaked in gasoline and thenlaid out in a thick layer. Next a fine mist of alginate polymer gel wasspray atomized in a straight line across the center of the gas soakedlayer of grass. All the grass burned completely except for the portionsprayed with the alginate polymer, which did not burn at all, leavingthe green grass untouched. The same test was performed on cedar treesand leaves with identical results. In addition a towel was soaked ingasoline and an image painted on it using the sodium alginate polymer.The entire rag burned completely except for the image portion, which wascompletely unaffected by the fire. The image portion of the towelappeared just as it did prior to lighting the towel.

In conclusion, in preferred embodiments, the presently disclosed andclaimed inventive concepts are directed to building material productsfor use in construction which comprise a construction material matrixcomponent, and an alginate polymer component dispersed on or within theconstruction material matrix component. The alginate polymer componentof the building material product may comprise for example sodiumalginate and/or calcium alginate. The alginate polymer component of thebuilding material product may further comprise a cross-linking agentwhich may be, for example, at least one of a xanthan gum, a carrageenan,and an agar. The alginate polymer component of the building materialproduct may further comprise an anti-mold or anti-fungal agent. Thealginate polymer component of the building material product maycomprise, for example, 1% to 25% by weight of the building materialproduct. The building material product may comprise, for example, a woodproduct, a masonry product, a paint product, a siding product, aflooring product, or a roofing product. The presently disclosed andclaimed inventive concepts are also directed to a building or buildingcomponent and/or fence or fence component comprising a building materialproduct described herein.

Additionally, in preferred embodiments, the presently disclosed andclaimed inventive concepts are directed to methods of producing abuilding material product, comprising the steps of providing aconstruction material matrix component, providing an alginate polymercomponent, combining the construction material matrix component and thealginate polymer component, and processing the combined constructionmaterial matrix component and alginate polymer component to form thebuilding material product. As noted, the alginate polymer component maycomprise sodium alginate and/or calcium alginate. The alginate polymercomponent may further comprise a cross-linking agent. The cross-linkingagent may be at least one of a xanthan gum, a carrageenan, and an agar.The alginate polymer component may further comprise an anti-mold oranti-fungal agent. The alginate polymer component may comprise, forexample, 1% to 25% by weight of the final building material product. Thebuilding material product produced by the method may be, for example, atleast one of a wood product, a masonry product, a paint product, asiding product, a flooring product, and a roofing product.

The presently claimed and disclosed inventive concepts are not to belimited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein, sincesuch embodiments are intended as but single illustrations of variousaspects of these presently claimed and disclosed inventive concepts andany functionally equivalent embodiments are within the scope of thesepresently claimed and disclosed inventive concepts. Indeed, variousmodifications of the methods of the presently claimed and disclosedinventive concepts in addition to those shown and described herein willbecome apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoingdescription.

Each of the references, patents or publications cited herein isincorporated by reference in its entirety.

1. A building material product for use in construction, comprising: aconstruction material matrix component; and an alginate polymercomponent dispersed on or within the construction material matrixcomponent.
 2. The building material product of claim 1 wherein thealginate polymer component comprises sodium alginate and/or calciumalginate.
 3. The building material product of claim 1 wherein thealginate polymer component further comprises a cross-linking agent. 4.The building material product of claim 3 wherein the cross-linking agentis at least one of a xanthan gum, a carrageenan, and an agar.
 5. Thebuilding material product of claim 1 wherein the alginate polymercomponent further comprises an anti-mold or anti-fungal agent.
 6. Thebuilding material product of claim 1 wherein the alginate polymercomponent comprises 1% to 25% by weight of the building materialproduct.
 7. The building material product of claim 1 comprising a woodproduct.
 8. The building material product of claim 1 comprising amasonry product.
 9. The building material product of claim 1 comprisinga paint product.
 10. The building material product of claim 1 comprisinga siding product.
 11. The building material product of claim 1comprising a flooring product.
 12. The building material product ofclaim 1 comprising a roofing product.
 13. A building or buildingcomponent comprising a building material product of claim
 1. 14. A fenceor fence component comprising a building material product of claim 1.15. A method of producing a building material product, comprising:providing a construction material matrix component; providing analginate polymer component; combining the construction material matrixcomponent and the alginate polymer component; and processing thecombined construction material matrix component and alginate polymercomponent to form the building material product.
 16. The method of claim15 wherein the alginate polymer component comprises sodium alginateand/or calcium alginate.
 17. The method of claim 15 wherein the alginatepolymer component further comprises a cross-linking agent.
 18. Themethod of claim 17 wherein the cross-linking agent is at least one of axanthan gum, a carrageenan, and an agar.
 19. The method of claim 15wherein the alginate polymer component further comprises an anti-mold oranti-fungal agent.
 20. The method of claim 15 wherein the alginatepolymer component comprises 1% to 25% by weight of the building materialproduct.
 21. The method of claim 15 wherein the building materialproduct comprises at least one of a wood product, a masonry product, apaint product, a siding product, a flooring product, and a roofingproduct.